Overview
House sparrows and European starlings are both invasive species that were introduced to the United States in the mid to late 1800’s. The population of both species have rapidly expanded and they are now found throughout much of North America. Both species are cavity nesters that are able to live in urban environments. Furthermore, they are aggressive species that can out compete native species for food and nest cavities, which ca
Although different species many of the approaches to management of small nuisance birds are similar.